第一篇：大學(xué)英語3期末復(fù)習(xí)(2012-12)

大學(xué)英語3期末復(fù)習(xí)

1.If either of you had been able to _______ your anger the fight would have been avoided.a.hold backb.hold onc.hold outd.hold up

2.Many students are taking part in extracurricular activities in their ______ to enhance their communicative skills.a.questb.strainc.temptationd.campaign a.scatterb.dedicatec.give offd.hand out a.hopefulb.definitec.productived.super

5.We can’t ________ her to be able to take responsibility just because she has been working for her boss for two years.a.interpretb.grantc.detachd.assume

6.He left the office, still ______ by the way she had spoken to him.a.annoyedb.been annoyed

c.being annoyedd.to be annoyed

7.__________ is the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court.a.It is made rather disturbingb.what makes it rather disturbing

c.It makes rather disturbingd.It is rather disturbing

8.You ______ at the door before you come in.a.mean knockingb.are meant knocking

c.mean to knockd.are meant to knock

9.Mary has ____ a couple of hours on Saturdays to help her mother with her computer.a.put awayb.set asidec.get offd.take on a.likesb.realizesc.imaginesd.considers

11.The statistics show that those who prefer electronic dictionaries _________ 55 percent.a contributedb.amounted toc.headed ford.took in

12.Set your mind at ease.____ you get accustomed to the noise here.a.It will be soon afterb.It wouldn’t be long before

c.It is a short time whend.It is in a short time before

13.All the questions the police asked _____ where she had been on the night of the murder.a.brought upb.revolved around

c.built ond.singled out

14.Give them an inch, ________________.a.and they will make a mileb.they will make a mile

c.so they will make a miled.or they will make a mile

15.Let’s stop taking nonsense and _______ analyzing the tough situation.a.go onb.go offc.go intod.go about

Key

1-5 aadcd6-10 abdbc

11-15 bbbad

第二篇：第三冊(cè)大學(xué)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)句子

1.我們的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)出了毛病，但我覺得問題不大We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor.2.父親去逝的時(shí)候我還小,不能獨(dú)立生活。就在那時(shí)，家鄉(xiāng)的父老接過了教育我的責(zé)任。My father died when I was too young to live

on my own.The people of my hometown took over my upbringing at that point.3.這些玩具必須得達(dá)到嚴(yán)格的安全要求后才可出售給兒童The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children.5.一些科學(xué)家堅(jiān)信人們總有一天會(huì)喜歡轉(zhuǎn)基 因農(nóng)作物的，因?yàn)樗鼈兡軌蛱岣弋a(chǎn)量，幫助發(fā)展中國家戰(zhàn)勝饑荒和疾病Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since

they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world.1.無論是在城市還是農(nóng)村，因特網(wǎng)正在改變?nèi)藗兊纳罘绞?。The Internet is changing the way peopleEinstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed.3.因其在激發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性想象力方面的出色表現(xiàn)，王教授獲得了校長獎(jiǎng)Professor Wang received the Presidential Award for his

excellence in stimulating students' creative imagination.4.因存在一些設(shè)計(jì)上的重大缺陷，董事會(huì)沒有同意那個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn't approve of the economic

4.作為新聞和輿論的載體，廣播和電視補(bǔ)充了而不是替代了報(bào)紙。Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion.5.至于這本雜志，它刊載了世界各地許多報(bào)

紙雜志上文章的摘要When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles

from

manynewspapers

and

magazines around the world.1.雖然受到全球金融危機(jī)后果的巨大影響，但是我們?nèi)匀幌嘈盼覀兡軌蛎鎸?duì)挑戰(zhàn)，克服

危機(jī)。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis.2.在持續(xù)不斷的沙塵暴的威脅下，我們被迫

離開我們喜愛的村莊，搬遷到新的地方。Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement.3.根據(jù)最近的網(wǎng)上調(diào)查，許多消費(fèi)者說他們也許會(huì)有興趣考慮購買電視廣告中播放的產(chǎn)

品。According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials.4.看到卡車司機(jī)把受污染的廢棄物倒在河邊，老人馬上向警方報(bào)告

Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once.live, whether they are in urban or rural areas.2.和大公司相比，中小公司更容易受到金融危機(jī)的威脅。

Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global

economic crisis than large ones.3.關(guān)于期末論文，教授要求我們先分析失業(yè)圖表，然然后對(duì)過家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供批評(píng)性的見解。

With regard to our term paper, the professor asked us to analyze the

unemployment chart first, and then provide critical reflections on the nations economic development.4.他從來也沒有想到他們隊(duì)會(huì)大比分贏得那場(chǎng)籃球賽。It never occurred to him that their team

would win the basketball match by a large margin.5.回顧二十年得中學(xué)教學(xué)，我把我的成功歸結(jié)為耐心、才能和對(duì)知識(shí)的不斷追求 Looking back on my twenty years' teaching in high school, I attribute my success to

patience, talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge.1.紅十字會(huì)派遣的志愿人員非常小心地對(duì)村里的飲用水進(jìn)行消毒，以避免爆發(fā)瘟疫 The volunteers sent by the Red Cross disinfected, with great caution, the

drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague.2.愛因斯坦用了多年時(shí)間試圖把電磁學(xué)理論和引力理論結(jié)合起來，但沒有成功。

stimulus package.5.喬丹意識(shí)到?jīng)]人能給他幫助，終于得出結(jié)論他必須面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，獨(dú)自接受挑戰(zhàn)Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and take up

the challenge by himself.1.奶奶想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為糧價(jià)要漲，所以買了許多大米Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.2.我可以給你引用幾個(gè)例子來說明她獻(xiàn)身科

學(xué)的精神I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.3.20世紀(jì)80年代中國一些經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)開始迅速發(fā)展起來The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.4.兩國關(guān)系的緊張部分是由最近的間諜事件引起的Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.5.彼得已在一家律師事務(wù)所當(dāng)了多年律師。你可以考慮請(qǐng)他做你的律師，當(dāng)你需要法律

援助時(shí)，由他代你行事Peter has worked in a law firm for many years.You can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.

第三篇：2018上半年大學(xué)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)題目

期末復(fù)習(xí)題目

不要死背答案，順序不一樣。

I.Multiple Choices: choose the best answer to complete every sentence.(20*1'=20')1.We believe it’s possible to _______ growth through the use of different kinds of energy that will allow for lower carbon emissions.A.sustain

B.run

C.come

D.go 2.The European Union is made up of 27 nations with _______ cultural, linguistic and economic roots.A.accuse

B.pay

C.distinct

D.offer 3.Now that we have approval we may _______ the scheme as previously agreed.A.throw

B.execute

C.popular

D.stress 4.The first mobile phones were heavy and ______ to use, but nowadays they are much easier to handle.A.clumsy

B.happy

C.fairy

D.glad 5.Charlie Chaplin was born in a poor area of South London, but in 1913 he left Britain ______ good.A.for

B.again

C.about

D.free 6.They’ll have to cut the film ______----it’s far too long.A.down

B.up

C.into

D.on 7.In many cases, optional subjects ______ science are available, such as business studies.A.more than

B.other than

C.less than

D.little than 8.The less you spend, the less you’ll owe, and the less likely you’ll ______ bankrupt.A.turn off

B.get into

C.reach for

D.end up 9.If ______ of the charge he would face a prison sentence of six years.A.convicted

B.taken

C.got

D.convict 10.Any claims for refund or ______ must be made in writing to our head office within 28 days.A.compensation

B.difficulty

C.problem

D.change 11.His role was to drum ______ contributions and donations from friends in big business.A.to

B.over

C.up

D.out 12.The chairman spoke so forcefully that the rest of the committee yielded ______ his opinion.A.down

B.for

C.to

D.of 13.If you want to donate a number of books to your organization, club, association or to your local school library for the children to read, please fill ______ the form below.A.over

B.after

C.out

D.side 14.The local government has given priority to the construction of infrastructure so as to attract more foreign ______.A.blood

B.attack

C.influence

D.investment 15.We had only two weeks to tour Malaysia, which was hardly enough to ______ the surface.A.patience

B.pain

C.appeal

D.scratch 16.It is ______ that terrorism is a great threat to world peace.A.widely accepted B.widely accepting

C.wide accepted D.wide accepting 17.The house built of stone lasts longer than ____ built of wood.A.the one

B.one

C.that

D.its 18.E-mail as well as telephones ____ more and more popular in daily communication.A.have become

B.become

C.are becoming

D.is becoming 19.This kind of cloth ____ well.A.washes

B.wash

C.is washed

D.is washing 20.What do you mean ____ saying that you've never heard of it before?

A.in

B.by

C.as

D.with

1.A 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A

11.C 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.A 20.B

II.Reading Comprehension:(15*2=30')Passage One Passage Two

Passage Three It doesn’t matter when or how much a person sleeps, but everyone needs some rest to stay alive.That’s what all doctors thought, until they heard about AI Herpin.AI Herpin, it was said, never slept, Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves.AI Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey.They thought for sure that he got some sleep of some kind.So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made.But they were surprised.Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw Herpin sleeping , In fact, he did not even own a bed.He never needed one.The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers.The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness.They found only one answer that might explain his condition.Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured(傷害)several days before he was born.But that was all.Was this the real reason? No one could be sure.Herpin died at the age of 94.11.The main idea of this passage is that _______.A.large numbers of people do not need sleep B.a person was found who actually didn’t need any sleep C.everyone needs some sleep to stay alive D.people can live longer by trying not to sleep 12.The doctors came to visit Herpin , expecting to ______.A.cure him of his sleeplessness B.find that his sleeplessness was not really true C.find a way to free people from the need of sleeping D.find out why some old people didn’t need any sleep

13.After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that AL Herpin ________.A.was too old to need any sleep B.often slept in a chair C.needed no sleep at all

D.needed some kind of sleep 14.One reason that might explain Herpin’s sleeplessness was ________.A.that he hadn’t got a bed

B.that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit C.his mother’s injury before he was born

D.his magnificent physical condition 15.AI Herpin’s condition could be regarded as ______.A.a common one

B.one that could be cured C.very healthy

D.a rare one

11.B 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D

III.Cloze:(20*1'=20')大學(xué)英語讀寫教程Section A 后面練習(xí)題的完型填空（重點(diǎn)看Unit1 ,Unit 2, Unit6的完型填空）

IV.Translation: from Chinese into English(2*3'=6')大學(xué)英語讀寫教程Section A 后面漢語翻譯成英語練習(xí)題

V.Translation: from English into Chinese(3*3'=9')大學(xué)英語讀寫教程 SectionA 后面練習(xí)題英譯漢的翻譯。

VI.Composition:(15')

你是李華，申請(qǐng)到一家外資企業(yè)工作。對(duì)方要求你用英語寫一篇短文，介紹自己的基本情況。短文應(yīng)包括下表所列全部內(nèi)容。

注意：1.情況介紹必須采用短文形式；

2.詞數(shù)100個(gè)左右；

3.短文第一句已為你寫好。生詞：競(jìng)賽—competition My name is Li Hua.

第四篇：2015大學(xué)英語Ⅲ復(fù)習(xí)材料

1.Most cities in the country have introduced “Clean Air Zones”(whereby)factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.2.He knows that the(pursuit)of social status can consume vast amounts of his time and effort.3.The doctors are at a loss because so far no medicine has been found to(inhibit)the spread of the disease.4.We see many special education directors trying to(maintain)the quality of their programs with much less money and much smaller staff.5.People there are told it is their(patriotic)duty to support the national economy by buying their own products.6.Darwin's thinking both drew upon and(transcended)the conventional ideas of his time.7.In spite of all your(endeavors), there may be times when you encounter difficulties in the training process.8.My advice to Mr.Stewart is to think carefully before entering into a career in medicine, as this is a field which requires a lot of(dedication)and long working hours.9.Most Chinese parents would prefer to choose some professions that are stable and could bring(prestige)and economic benefits.10.It is legally possible for an elderly person to(nominate)someone to act for them, should they become incapable of looking after themselves.1.When Francis got back after Easter, he was far behind his classmates and he was(removed from)the second into the third class at his own desire.2.The president acknowledged that he had somehow(failed in)his ability to communicate to the American people.3.Unfortunately, as history has shown, some of the companies are guilty of misconduct(in the pursuit of)profit.4.The ship(deviated from)the agreed voyage and arrived about 10 days late and in the meantime the price of sugar had fallen and the merchants lost over ￡4,000.5.Because the transcript is still under seal, the law(1)(precludes)them(2)(from)reading and discussing the evidence in detail.6.In carrying out the plan we are likely to come across difficulties, but we are determined to(triumph over)them all.7.Without increasing investment in education, it will be increasingly difficult for low-income people to(work their way into)the middle class.8.All the passengers in the plane that crashed in the middle of the Andes Mountains a week ago were(written off)as dead.1.Kids are more likely to(intervene)in a situation if they believe their parents expect them to help.2.The first lesson I learned as a newcomer for the company was never to(underestimate)the degree of difficulty I would face in career advancement.3.Just as I started to think that I was never going to get well, the illness began to(recede).4.Whatever the decision is, I would like you to know that your department is my first choice and I(deem)it a great honor if I could study in your department.5.During one particularly(bleak)moment in my career, a senior colleague of mine said to me, “If you follow your dreams, the money will come.Follow the money, and you'll lose your dreams.”

6.Unless we can find a way to(appraise)nature and then invest in protecting it, our basic life-support systems are going to collapse.7.The blizzard(暴風(fēng)雪)moved south, turning into an icy rain that(paralyzed)the airports for three days.8.In this introduction we have diagnosed some of the causes of the illness and, in the following chapters, we will draw attention to its various unpleasant(symptoms).9.In those days, divorce under any circumstances was socially unacceptable and there was great(dismay)in the family who went through it.10.Every time she talked about being rejected in her hunt for a job, she seemed on the(brink)of tears, and I would quickly switch the conversation to another topic.1.When the bus(pulled to a stop)and I got off, I was relieved because I had finished school and I had the weekend ahead of me to enjoy myself.2.When my car crashed into the big tree, I could feel the blood draining from my face and I wondered whether I was about to(black out).3.All kinds of questions concerning the soaring housing price begin to(pop up)on cable television and the blogosphere(博客圈).4.The soldiers' rapid march was(stopped short)by the general's command;they were uncertain whether to go back or forward.5.A car crashed into the side of a house after the driver lost control and(plowed through)a hedge(樹籬).6.Charles reappeared, after half an hour's absence, and(threw himself into)an armchair, where he lay back for some time with his eyes shut.7.You may be out of work but that is no reason to(let yourself go)by not washing, brushing your hair and wearing clean clothes.8.As her door began to open, she(grabbed for)the telephone, and then dropped the receiver as Luke walked in.1.As a number of authors point out, the urge to migrate is a(n)

(integral)part of human nature.2.Children should be allowed to(cherish)those few years of innocence before they have to learn the truth about the real world.3.He has been(afflicted)by a horrible disease, from which one of his best friends died two weeks ago.4.The results of the survey are(noteworthy)and useful despite being from a small sample.5.The director said that they needed a young actress who could(portray)someone who was both unbalanced and confident at the same time.6.Praise must be used wisely to(compliment)students who perform up to expectations and to encourage students to perform to maximum levels.7.In the(domain)of research, it is an accepted fact that scientific publications have to be written or translated into English to get published, acknowledged, and cited.8.He received a(n)

(anonymous)call threatening to disclose details of his affair if he didn't pay the money.9.The movie presents Lincoln as a strong-willed,(conscientious)man who led the US through a moral, constitutional and political crisis.10.It is understandable that the health and welfare of their family is a(n)

(perpetual)concern for this young couple.1.Clearly, most of the students there are full-time workers who would not otherwise have been able to(embark on)sustained further study.2.The court ruled that this man(be deprived of)his political rights for a further four years after he has served his 13-year sentence.3.I would love to have kids.I would(turn down)an Oscar to see my boy at a baseball game or my girl at a song recital.4.Richard was finally released on February 4, one year and six weeks after he'd been(taken captive).5.She hoped Vincent would understand that

her life had not been empty, because her love would(live on).6.All people, whether they be rich or poor, strong or weak, privileged or deprived, are interdependent, and(share in)the common task of seeking to achieve mankind's full potential.7.In September 1944 he was able to return to his academic duties, but soon after the war ended he(was stricken by)a serious illness and did relatively little research thereafter(從那以后).8.She retired from the company where she has(led by example)and been a source of encouragement to others.1.Although secondary education is(compulsory), parents are not required to send their children to state schools.2.The economic situation has been worsening, causing economists to(contemplate)whether the present policies are sustainable.3.He was found guilty and was(imprisoned)in the Tower of London, where he died very quickly, aged only 47.4.It is obvious that the future of the Internet is to(globalize)more and more areas of the world, and that e-commerce and e-entertainment are going to go for more and more markets.5.However, your current losses should soon be(offset)by gains;the fund will produce a positive return of 11.6 percent over a nine-month period.6.Because she was so tall and slim, all the clothes looked marvelous on her and the other girls would(groan)their envy.7.This can be a helpful approach in discussion — someone may regard you as(stubborn)since you never want to change your mind, whereas you see yourself as determined.8.At weekends, the school park is almost empty except that a few cars(cluster)near the entrance.9.In the photographer's finest pictures there is also a degree of(ambiguity), which allows them to be interpreted in a variety of ways.10.Tim stretched out a hand in apology for his thoughtless remarks and was(consoled)by a firm handshake from Mark.1.Virginia was a perfectionist.She was just not prepared to(settle for)anything that was second best.2.He could be quite casual in his attitude to his wife's anxiety, and(more often than not)failed to let her know when he would be back from a business trip.3.“You'll kill yourself with those things,” Arty said in a tone in which disappointment was(mingled with)disgust.4.Thanks to modern transportation, agricultural products in these remote mountainous regions can also be(traded for)other goods.5.As the market(was saturated with)a wide variety of goods, the economy became more balanced and the competition forced the prices down.6.Going with the flow doesn't mean that we don't know where we're going;it means that we(are open to)multiple ways of getting there.7.The athlete had been(endowed with)long legs and a persistent temperament so he was very successful.8.The wrongly accused man asked for extra compensation to(make up for)the stress he had suffered during the case.1.The general considered all the information that had been gathered and(gauged)what possible moves the enemy might make before issuing his orders.2.The new president said she would(dedicate)herself to protecting the rights of the old and the homeless, who are otherwise helpless and vulnerable.3.Cell phone conversations, which are fairly

(commonplace)on commuter trains, can be annoying to fellow commuters.4.Ask your doctor whether a low-fat diet and a daily walk will(suffice)to reduce your high blood pressure.5.The(revenue)from tourism is the biggest single contribution to GDP in the Maldives;every year many tourists from all corners of the world spend their holidays there.6.Since the beginning of this century, China has built many modern conference centers with underground parking, air-conditioning and(simultaneous)translation systems.7.While advertising offers a stimulus(刺激)to buy, sales promotion offers a(n)(incentive)to buy, but consumers must have their own reason to buy.8.In general, smokers living in cities are slightly more(prone)to lung cancer than smokers who are living in the country.9.A large proportion of important(innovations)are brought about by people who step outside of conventional categories or traditional assumptions.10.The habit of going to coffee houses was(fostered)by the city's relatively small size, safe streets, good public transportation, and moderate climate.1.The results of this experiment do not(correlate with)those of the studies that the team of scientists had conducted previously.2.It was a moment of overwhelming excitement when Steve was given the first prize;Tiffany couldn't(refrain from)hugging and kissing him.3.As we(count down)to tonight's presidential debate, it's time to go over the political agendas which the candidates are trying to promote.4.She spent the next 10 years taking in washing,(slaving away)to pay back the money they had borrowed from the bank.5.Indeed, it seems that the upward shift in the rate of economic growth in the mid-1990s(coincided with)a sudden, substantial and rapid decline in the prices of computers.6.As Crawford(contended with)heartbreak in his private life, his career soared to greater heights than he could have ever dreamed of.7.I am assuming that you have adequate health insurance, but someone should(be designated as)successor to take over your financial and domestic affairs if you become unable to cope with them yourself.8.Formal consent for this new type of treatment was obtained from each patient and the study(conformed to)our institution's guidelines concerning medical ethics(倫理).Where there is a will, there is a way.This proverb means that if you are really determined to do something, however difficult it might be, you will(1)(eventually)find a way to do it well.The(2)(premier)point is that you must have the will to achieve success.Ninety percent of the failures that occur are due to the fact that there is no strong will involved.Many people simply say that they want something, but they do not make any(3)(endeavor)to achieve it.So, instead of getting it, they use the poorest excuse to explain the situation away.On many occasions, people tend to(4)(bypass)every minute obstacle, making the objective impossible to attain.In reality, if they have the will to succeed, they can get rid of the(5)(handicaps)and achieve their goals.Only those with a(n)(6)(committed)and focused will and spirit can fight their way to final victory.Many a famous man has the same experience.They have(7)(attained)their prestige because they have had the will to(8)(transcend)apparently insuperable(無法克服的)obstacles.Many artists, statesmen, writers and inventors have managed to succeed because they possess a fierce will，which has helped them to accomplish major(9)(feats).Therefore, we can see that the main thing which one needs is a strong will.Weak-willed people never climb to the top.They collapse at the(10)(slightest)use of force against them.Strong-willed people, on the other hand, will stand up against all odds and will make it a point to succeed.Social anxiety symptoms often begin during adolescence.It's a developmental process that is(1)(characterized)by profound psychological changes, especially in terms of how we relate to others.One of the most frustrating(2)(aspects)of the adolescent years is the tendency for self-focus and a decrease in the(3)(amount)of focus we have for the feelings and needs of others.While these changes are fairly universal, those of us who were born with a shy temperament(性格)can carry the adolescent fears, which may never(4)(recede), into adulthood.An anxious temperament causes our brains to react forcibly when(5)(exposed)to the stress of sudden awareness of our peers and gradually we become more and more vulnerable.Our brains label the fear of exposure or embarrassment as highly dangerous.This may result in a(n)(6)(vicious)circle for many years: excessive self-consciousness and inhibition when you feel you are being observed.To cope with the problem, I would like to(7)(challenge)you to strive for increased focus on other people, in place of your(8)(excessive)focus on yourself.Yes, I know, this is easier said than done.The fear may cause you to feel that you will lose control or make a fool of yourself when you are in the spotlight(聚光燈).But if you begin to build a new response, in(9)(reaction)to your fears, you will gradually build up a stronger and more positive response.Remember, don't let self-consciousness(10)(paralyze)you!Be

courageous!

Unit 3

Audrey Hepburn was a beautiful actress and model, who became one of the most successful and well-known actresses in the film(1)(domain).She was a fashion icon and role model for women all over the world, helping to(2)(define)a particular type of fresh, vulnerable, elfin(小精靈似的)beauty.Today's(3)(popularity)of the slim fashion model is due to Audrey Hepburn's influence.Although she appeared frail(脆弱的), she was(4)(mentally)strong.At the end of her acting career when she entered a(n)(5)(diplomatic)career as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF, she was so solidly(6)(committed)to her cause that she was held in highest esteem(尊重)by even the most hardened politicians.Audrey originally started working for UNICEF in 1954, doing radio presentations.She always said it was happy to(7)(devote)her life to helping impoverished(窮困的)children after her own good fortune in(8)(surviving)the hardship of the Nazi occupation of Holland.She began her permanent ambassadorship in 1988 and(9)(embarked)on trips to many countries.She was always positive: “People in these places don't know Audrey Hepburn, but they recognize the name UNICEF.When they see UNICEF their faces light up, because they know that something is happening.” In 1992, her(10)(humanitarian)work with those in need was recognized when she was awarded the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for her contribution to humanity.Unit 4 “Why would you leave behind your comfortable bed, your home, your family and friends? Why do you want to go alone?” When you are living out of a backpack for a period of time, you may often get questioned why.I seldom get time to sit down and(1)(contemplate)the reason I travel, but I believe that you only begin to truly live once you step outside of your(2)(comfort)zone.My first overseas trip was at 14 years old, which(3)(sparked)my curiosity for the world.Since finishing high school I have(4)(ventured)through various countries and been amazed by all the(5)(diverse)cultures scattered around the globe.My eyes are my greatest asset as they have(6)(witnessed)the most beautiful scenes that replay in my mind every day:(7)(stunning)landscapes, friendly locals, breath-taking architecture, and food that makes your mouth water once your eyes catch a(n)(8)(glimpse).Traveling teaches you to be independent in the most(9)(positive)way.I know how to depend on myself, go out and meet people, and not let anyone else's expectations(10)(dictate)my life.Every day I see my dream and every day it's in a new place.I am 22 years young.I quite agree with Anthony Bourdain, “If you're 22, physically fit, hungry to learn and be better, I urge you to travel.Find out how other people live and eat and cook.Learn from them, wherever you go.”

Unit 5 In a study conducted in the UK, it was found that only four out of every five(1)(employees)were happy at work.Surprisingly, contrary to popular(2)(notion), friendly, supportive colleagues and a good manager, instead of the salary or the love for the work, have been found to be the(3)(primary)causes of happiness at work.So, how do you keep your spirits up and, at the same time,(4)(foster)a

sense of joy on the job? Here is one of the tips to help you on your way to finding happiness and complete job satisfaction in the workplace.Start with a positive outlook.Happiness is a state of mind;it(5)(reflects)an attitude, though not many people realize it.Staying happy at work is totally based on your(6)(motivations)and on a positive outlook toward your job, not on(7)(monetary)rewards or material gain.Dwelling on(老是想著)the good(8)(aspects)of the work rather than rattling on and on(對(duì)...喋喋不休)about what makes you unhappy is the basic key to happiness.Negativity and(9)(gossiping)about bad things may be easy, but it is looking at the bright side that makes for the challenging part of a job.As Francesca Reigler puts it, “Happiness is an attitude.We either make ourselves(10)(miserable), or happy and strong.The amount of work is the same.”

閱讀理解

Unit 1 – Unit 5 Text B 其中一篇

翻譯 Unit 1

英譯漢

Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices.世界公民是指一個(gè)人承認(rèn)自己是新興的全球社區(qū)的一分子，而且其行動(dòng)對(duì)全球社區(qū)的價(jià)值打造和實(shí)踐活動(dòng)有所貢獻(xiàn)。Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially one and each individual has the power to change things.世界公民相信人類從本質(zhì)上來說是一個(gè)整體，每 個(gè)人都有改變事物的能力。In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages us to recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other.在我們這樣一個(gè)相互依賴的世界中，世界公民意識(shí)鼓勵(lì)我們認(rèn)識(shí)到對(duì)彼此的責(zé)任，并從對(duì)方身上學(xué)習(xí)。Global citizens care about education, disease，poverty，and environmental issues around the world.世界公民關(guān)心全球的教育、疾病、貧窮和環(huán)境問題。Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world community.在當(dāng)今，全球合作的力量在使一些人萌發(fā)世界公民的意識(shí)，讓他們擁有對(duì)全球社區(qū)的歸屬感。This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, communications and

transportation technologies.這種不斷發(fā)展的世界公民意識(shí)在很大程度上來講，要 歸功于現(xiàn)代信息、通信和交通技術(shù)的力量。Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action.世界公民意識(shí)致力于給予人們力量，讓他們付諸行動(dòng)。Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be

pro-active in making a positive difference in the world.世界公民除了要從世界問題中學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)和價(jià)值觀，還要擁有必需的 技能，使他們擁有能力和自信，積極推動(dòng)世界的發(fā)展。

漢譯英

如今，很多年輕人不再選擇“穩(wěn)定”的工作，他們更愿意自主創(chuàng)業(yè)，依靠自己的智慧和奮斗去實(shí)現(xiàn)自我價(jià)值。Nowadays, many young people no longer choose “stable” jobs.Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts.青年創(chuàng)業(yè)（young entrepreneurship）是未來國家經(jīng)濟(jì)活力的來源，創(chuàng)業(yè)者的成功不但會(huì)創(chuàng)造財(cái)富、增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)、改善大家的生活，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，對(duì)于國家更是一 件好事，創(chuàng)業(yè)者正是讓中國經(jīng)濟(jì)升級(jí)換代的力量。Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future.The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people’s life, but it is also good for the country in the long term.Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China’s economy.尤其是在當(dāng)前，國家鼓勵(lì)大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬眾創(chuàng)新，在政策上給予中小企業(yè)支持，這更加激發(fā)了年輕人的創(chuàng)業(yè)熱情。Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses.This further arouses young people's enthusiasm to start their own businesses.Unit 2 英譯漢

The American Dream is a national ethos(精神特質(zhì))of the United States.美國夢(mèng)是美利堅(jiān)合眾國的民族精神。The term is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life.該詞有各種各樣的用法，但其根本含義是，在美國任何人都可以通過努力獲得成功，都有可能過上幸福而成功的生活。Many people have expanded upon or refined the definition to include things such as freedom, fulfillment and meaningful relationships.許多人對(duì) 美國夢(mèng)的概念加以拓展和提煉，涵蓋了像自由、自我實(shí)現(xiàn)和深厚的人際關(guān)系等方面的內(nèi)容。The idea of an American Dream is older than the US, dating back to the 1600s, when people began to have all sorts of hopes and aspirations for what was a new and largely unexplored continent to European immigrants.美國夢(mèng)的思想比美國本身更為久遠(yuǎn)，可以追溯到17世紀(jì)，當(dāng)時(shí)的歐洲移 民面對(duì)這一新發(fā)現(xiàn)的、未經(jīng)開發(fā)的廣袤

大陸，開始紛紛懷揣希望，追逐夢(mèng)想。And the meaning of the Dream has changed over the course of history, including both personal components and a global vision.隨著歷史的發(fā)展，美國夢(mèng)的含義也已改變，既包含了個(gè)人

元素，也包含了全局視野。But not everybody thinks the American Dream is a positive thing.但 并不是每個(gè)人都對(duì)美國夢(mèng)持肯定態(tài)度。Some people believe that the structure of society in the US prevents such an idealistic goal for everyone.一些人認(rèn)為美國的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)決定了不是每個(gè)人都能擁有這樣的理想目標(biāo)。Critics often point to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, religion and ethnicity that suggest that the American Dream is not attainable for everyone.批評(píng)者常常舉以實(shí)例，揭露植根于階級(jí)、種族、宗教 和民族的不平等現(xiàn)象，指出美國夢(mèng)并非每個(gè)人都可企及。

漢譯英

實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興（rejuvenation）是近代以來中國人民最偉大的夢(mèng)想，我們稱之為“中國夢(mèng)”，其基本內(nèi)涵是實(shí)現(xiàn)國家富強(qiáng)、民族振興、人民幸 福。中國夢(mèng)，是讓每一個(gè)積極進(jìn)取的中國人形成世世代代的信念：只要經(jīng)過不懈的奮斗便能獲得更好的生活。Realizing the great national rejuvenation, which we define as the Chinese Dream, has been the greatest Chinese expectation since modern times.It basically means achieving prosperity for the country, renewal of the nation and happiness for the people, thus ensuring that every enterprising Chinese carries, generation after generation, the firm conviction that a better life is accomplished through persistent effort.人們必須通過自己的勤奮、勇氣、創(chuàng)意和決心邁向繁 榮，而不是依賴于社會(huì)和他人的援助。People should achieve their prosperity through diligence, courage, creativity and determination instead of aid from society or other people.每個(gè)中國人都是中國夢(mèng)的參與者和創(chuàng)造者。中國夢(mèng)是民族的夢(mèng)，也是每個(gè)中國人的夢(mèng)。Each individual is a participant and a designer in the cause of realizing the Chinese Dream, for it is a dream not only for the entire nation but also for every Chinese.Unit 3 英譯漢

Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance, is perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.萊奧納多?達(dá)?芬奇是意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期最偉大的思想家之一，也許也是迄今最多才多藝的人。A painter, sculptor, architect, mathematician, engineer, and inventor, he is

famous for a wide range of accomplishments.他是畫家、雕刻家、建筑家、數(shù)學(xué)家、工程師和發(fā)明家，因成就廣 泛而聞名。His natural genius, which crossed multiple disciplines, won him the title of “Renaissance Master”.他的天賦跨越多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，為其贏得了“文藝復(fù)興大師”的稱號(hào)。Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter.萊奧納多主要作為畫家而著名。Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the best known and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time.在其所有作品中，《蒙娜·麗莎》最為有名，而《最后的 晚餐》則是歷來復(fù)制最多的宗教畫作。What make Leonardo's drawings unique are mainly his innovative techniques and acute scientific mind.萊奧納多作品的獨(dú)特之處主要在于其創(chuàng)新性的技巧和敏銳的科學(xué)思維。Perhaps only 15 of his paintings have survived, partly because his constant

experimentation

with

new

techniques made his total output quite small.他的畫作大約只有15幅流傳了下來，其部分原因是他 不斷試驗(yàn)新的技巧，所以作品總量很小。Although not a prolific(多產(chǎn)的)painter, Leonardo was a most productive draftsman, keeping journals full of sketches, drawings, and diagrams.萊奧納多雖然不是多產(chǎn)畫家，卻是一位最高產(chǎn)的繪圖家，他在日記中畫滿了各種草圖、圖畫和圖表。These notebooks, often referred to as da Vinci's manuscripts, recorded his inventions, observations, and theories about everything that captured his attention.這些筆記通常被稱為達(dá) ?芬奇手稿，記錄了他的各種發(fā)明、觀察，以及他對(duì)自己感興趣的事物提出的理論。Leonard's genius made him a pioneer in almost every field of study he undertook.萊奧納多的天賦使他幾乎在涉足的每一領(lǐng)域都成了先驅(qū)。His paintings, together with his notebooks, have contributed significantly to the history of art.他的畫作，連同他的筆 記，在藝術(shù)史上貢獻(xiàn)斐然。

漢譯英

水墨畫（ink and wash painting）是中國獨(dú)具特色的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)形式之一，是中國國畫的代表。Ink and wash painting, one of the unique traditional art forms

of

China，is representative of Chinese painting.它大約始于唐代，興盛于宋代和元代，距今已有一千多年的歷史，其間經(jīng)歷了不斷的 發(fā)展、提高和完善。It began around the time of the Tang Dynasty, and then prospered in the Song and Yuan dynasties.With a history of over one thousand years, it has experienced constant development, improvement and perfection.水墨畫的創(chuàng)作工具和材料是具有濃厚中國特色的毛筆、宣紙和墨，其作品特點(diǎn)也與此緊密相關(guān)。The tools and materials used to create ink and wash painting, i.e.brushes, rice paper，and ink, are characteristic of Chinese culture and closely related to the features of the paintings.例如，水和墨相互調(diào)和，使作品具有干濕濃淡的 層次。For example, the mixing of water and ink creates different shades of dryness, wetness, thickness and thinness.水墨和宣紙的交融滲透也使畫作善于表現(xiàn)豐富的意象，從而達(dá)到獨(dú)特的審美效果。

The integration and infiltration of water, ink, and rice paper enables such paintings to convey rich images, and hence to achieve unique aesthetic effects.水墨畫在中國繪畫史上具有很高的地位，甚至被認(rèn)為是衡量東方繪畫藝術(shù)水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Ink and wash painting holds a high status in the history of Chinese painting, and it is even regarded as the criterion to evaluate the artistic level of Oriental paintings.Unit 4

英譯漢

Venice is the world's famous island city in northern Italy.威尼斯是意大利北部一座世界聞名的島城。Founded in the 5th century, Venice became a major maritime power in the 10th century.威尼斯建立于公元5世紀(jì)，在公元10世紀(jì)時(shí)成為一支重要的海上力量。In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major center for commerce and trade, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs.在中世紀(jì)和文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，威尼斯曾是重要的商 貿(mào)中心，是當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲極為富裕的城市，在政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)中居領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。After several hundred years in power, Venice began to decline in the 15th century.幾百年的興盛之后，威尼斯在15世紀(jì)開始衰落。Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the world's most beautiful cities and one of the most important tourist destinations in the world.如今，威尼斯被公認(rèn)為是全世界最美的城 市之一，也是全世界最重要的旅游勝地之一。Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most famous of which is the Gothic style.威尼斯的建筑風(fēng)格豐富多樣，其中最出名的是哥特式風(fēng)格。Venice is also known for several important artistic movements in history, especially the Renaissance period.威尼斯還因歷史上的幾次重要的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)而聞名，特別是文 藝復(fù)興時(shí)期。The influence of Venice on the development of architecture and arts has been considerable.威尼斯對(duì)建筑和藝術(shù)的發(fā)展影響巨大。Today, it is still playing an important role in contemporary arts and popular cultures.至今，威尼斯仍對(duì)現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)和流行文化的發(fā)展起著重要作用。In 1987, Venice was listed as a World Heritage Site.1987年，威尼斯被列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。In March 1980, Venice became a sister city of

China's Suzhou City.1980年3月，威尼斯與中國蘇州結(jié)為“友好城市”。

漢譯英

Lijiang is a mountainous city in northwest Yunnan Province.麗江地處云南省西北部，境內(nèi)多山。The old town of Lijiang, located at the foot of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, is a town of scenic beauty and known for its history and culture.It is also a well-preserved old town with features of ethnic minorities.麗江古城坐落在玉龍雪山腳下，是一座風(fēng)景秀麗的歷史文化名城，也是我國保存完好的少數(shù)民族古城之一。The construction work of the old town was started from the Southern Song Dynasty about 800 years from now.麗江古城始建于南 宋，距今約有800年的歷史。Not only does Lijiang boast a long history, but also it boasts many ethnic minorities who make up over a half of the total population in the region.麗江不僅歷史悠久，而且民族眾多，少數(shù)民族人口占全區(qū)人口的半數(shù)以上。With the booming of Lijiang tourism, the old town of Lijiang is receiving a growing number of tourists from home and abroad.隨著麗江旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展，到麗江古城觀光游覽的中外游客 日益增多。In December 1997, the old town succeeded in applying to be named a World Cultural Heritage Site, filling the gap of lacking a noted historical and cultural city in China on the World Cultural Heritage List.1997年12月，麗江古城申報(bào)世界文化遺產(chǎn)獲得成功，填補(bǔ)了中國在世界文化遺產(chǎn)中無歷史文化名城的空白。

Unit 5 英譯漢

The English ceremony of afternoon tea dates back to the 1840s.The tradition evolved out of the rituals and routines that surrounded tea drinking in Britain before that time.英式下午茶的儀式可以追溯到19世紀(jì)40年代，該傳統(tǒng)是由之前英國的茶飲儀式和習(xí)慣發(fā)展而來的。Tea was first introduced to England in the late 1650s, but for a long time, it was only consumed by the royal family and the aristocracy due to its high cost.茶最初在17世紀(jì)50年代晚期被引入英國，但由于價(jià)格昂 貴，所以很長一段時(shí)間里，只有皇家和貴族才能享用。The habit of having afternoon tea did not become established until almost 200 years later.直到將近200多年之后，英國人才養(yǎng)成吃下午茶的習(xí)慣。In those days, the British ate only two daily meals: a large breakfast late in the morning and a late dinner around 8 o'clock in the evening.在當(dāng)時(shí)，英國人一日兩餐：快接近中午時(shí)分的豐盛 早餐和晚上八點(diǎn)左右的晚餐。Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford, can be credited for creating the

tradition of afternoon tea to soothe hunger pangs before supper.據(jù)說第七代貝德福德公爵夫人安娜開創(chuàng)了下午茶的傳統(tǒng)，以此來緩解晚餐前的饑餓感。She invited friends to join her for an additional afternoon meal at four to

five o'clock.她邀請(qǐng)朋友和她一起在下午四五點(diǎn)鐘吃下午茶。The menu included tea and snacks such as dainty cakes and sandwiches.下午茶中包括茶和一些點(diǎn)心，比如精致的蛋糕及三明治。Fine porcelain(瓷器)was used to serve this minor feast.這些小巧的美食用精美的瓷器盛裝。Afternoon tea soon became popular, and is now a symbol of the elegant British way of life.下午茶很快就流行開來，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為優(yōu)雅英國生活方式的一個(gè)象征。As novelist Henry James wrote, “There are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea.”正如小說家亨利?詹姆斯寫道的那樣：“人生鮮有比全心全意享用下午茶這一儀式更愜意的時(shí)刻了?！?/p>

漢譯英

China is the hometown of tea and the birthplace of tea culture.中國是茶的故鄉(xiāng)，也是茶文化的發(fā)源地。Since ancient times, tea has been known as the “national drink” of China.自古以來，茶就被譽(yù)為中華民族的“國飲”。In both the Chinese scholars' seven daily necessities, namely music, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry, wine and tea and common people's seven ones, namely firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and tea, tea is listed as one of the necessities.無論是文人墨客生活中的“琴棋書畫詩酒茶”，還是平民百姓生活中的“柴米 油鹽醬醋茶”，茶都是必備品。Meanwhile, China is a country with ancient civilization and a land of courtesy.同時(shí)，中國又是文明古國，禮儀之邦。The practice of making and serving tea is essential whenever there are guests or friends.凡是來了客人或朋友，沏茶、敬茶的禮儀必不可少。With the development of cultural exchange, commerce and trade between China and other countries, Chinese tea and tea culture spread to the world.隨著中外文化交流和商業(yè)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，中 國茶及茶文化傳向了全世界。Today, a number of countries across the five continents grow tea plants, and many countries import tea from China.現(xiàn)在五大洲有不少國家種茶，也有很多國家從中國進(jìn)口茶。Chinese tea, like Chinese silk and chinaware, has become synonymous with China in the world.中國茶和中國的絲綢及瓷器一樣，已經(jīng)成為中國在全世界的代名詞。

第五篇：集美大學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)材料

期末復(fù)習(xí)材料

試用世界的物質(zhì)統(tǒng)一性原理論述一切從實(shí)際出發(fā)實(shí)事求是

是辯證唯物主義一元論的根本要求

從實(shí)際出發(fā)，實(shí)事求是之所以是辯證唯物主義一元論的根本要求，主要是因?yàn)樗w現(xiàn)了辯證唯物主義的以下原理：⑴從實(shí)際出發(fā)，實(shí)事求是，就要按照客觀事物的本來面貌去認(rèn)識(shí)事物，這就是堅(jiān)持物質(zhì)第一性、意識(shí)第二性的辯證唯物主義一元論的原理。這正是“從物到感覺和思想”的認(rèn)識(shí)路線所要求的。⑵從實(shí)際出發(fā)，實(shí)事求是，就要按照客觀事物不斷變化發(fā)展的實(shí)際去認(rèn)識(shí)事物，這就是堅(jiān)持運(yùn)動(dòng)是物質(zhì)的根本屬性和存在方式的原理。物質(zhì)世界運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展的普遍性原理，要求我們既要承認(rèn)事物有相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的一面，又必須堅(jiān)持用運(yùn)動(dòng)、變化、發(fā)展的觀點(diǎn)看問題，指導(dǎo)實(shí)際工作的方針、政策，要與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，不能因循守舊，裹足不前。⑶從實(shí)際出發(fā)，實(shí)事求是，要求我們做任何工作，都要考慮時(shí)空條件，因時(shí)制宜，因地制宜，這就是堅(jiān)持時(shí)間和空間是運(yùn)動(dòng)著的物質(zhì)的存在形式的原理，堅(jiān)持一切以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件為轉(zhuǎn)移，反對(duì)超歷史、超時(shí)空的“左”的傾向，也要反對(duì)落后于時(shí)空條件變化的右的傾向。⑷從實(shí)際出發(fā)，實(shí)事求是，就是按照客觀事物運(yùn)動(dòng)變化的實(shí)際情況，揭示客觀事物固有的規(guī)律性和發(fā)展的過程性、階段性，按客觀規(guī)律辦事。這就是堅(jiān)持物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)具有客觀規(guī)律性的原理?？傊?，從實(shí)際出發(fā)，實(shí)事求是，既堅(jiān)持了世界的物質(zhì)統(tǒng)一性原理，又堅(jiān)持了物質(zhì)世界運(yùn)動(dòng)、變化和發(fā)展具有客觀規(guī)律性的原則，也堅(jiān)持了辯證唯物主義的認(rèn)識(shí)路線和工作路線。因此，它既體現(xiàn)了辯證唯物主義一元論的根本要求，也是我們認(rèn)識(shí)世界和改造世界的根本出發(fā)點(diǎn)。我國當(dāng)前的最大實(shí)際，就是我國正處于并將長期處于社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段。我們強(qiáng)調(diào)從實(shí)際出發(fā)，就是要堅(jiān)持從我國社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的實(shí)際出發(fā)。我們黨的路線、方針、政策是否正確，就是要看它是否從這個(gè)實(shí)際出發(fā)，是否符合這個(gè)實(shí)際。

運(yùn)用矛盾普遍性與特殊性辯證關(guān)系原理說明走有中國特色社會(huì)主義道路的必要性重要性

矛盾普遍性與特殊性的辯證關(guān)系原理是建設(shè)有中國特色社會(huì)主義的重要哲學(xué)依據(jù)。只有堅(jiān)持馬克思主義普遍真理同各國革命和建設(shè)的具體實(shí)踐相結(jié)合，才能找到適合自己國情的革命和建設(shè)的正確道路。建設(shè)有中國特色社會(huì)主義理論鮮明地體現(xiàn)了矛盾普遍性與特殊性的辯證統(tǒng)一。

（1）矛盾的普遍性是指矛盾無處不在、無時(shí)不有；矛盾的特殊性是指每一事物、每一過程的矛盾及其各方面都有特點(diǎn)。矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是辯證的統(tǒng)一：第一，矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是相互聯(lián)結(jié)的。一方面，普遍性存在于特殊性之中。另一方面，特殊性中包含著普遍性，特殊性與普遍性相聯(lián)系而存在。第二，矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是相互區(qū)別的，共性只是包括個(gè)性中共同的、本質(zhì)的東西，個(gè)性總有許多自己獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn)，是共性包括不了的，個(gè)性比共性豐富得多。所以二者不能互相代替。第三，矛盾的普遍性和特殊性在一定條件下可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化。

（2）矛盾的普遍性和特殊性辯證統(tǒng)一的原理，是堅(jiān)持馬克思主義普遍真理與中國具體實(shí)際相結(jié)合這一基本思想原則的理論基礎(chǔ)。我國走建設(shè)有中國特色社會(huì)主義道路，是中國共產(chǎn)黨把馬克思主義普遍真理同中國的具體實(shí)際相結(jié)合的過程中的理論成果。

（3）走建設(shè)有中國特色社會(huì)主義道路，一方面，我們必須堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義的根本制度和基本原則；另一方面，我們又必須從中國的國情出發(fā)，注意中國的特點(diǎn)。中國是一個(gè)社會(huì)主義大國，又是一個(gè)窮國，人口多，底子薄，生產(chǎn)力水平低，即我國現(xiàn)在處于并將長期處于社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段。黨在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本路線和各項(xiàng)方針政策，就是把社會(huì)主義基本

原則與中國實(shí)際相結(jié)合的結(jié)果。只有堅(jiān)持黨的基本路線不動(dòng)搖，走自己的路，我們才能在建設(shè)有中國特色社會(huì)主義的道路上不斷取得勝利。

試以上層建筑一定要適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)要求的原理說明我國政治體制改革的必要性。

政治體制，從廣義上是指一個(gè)國家的政體，也就是一個(gè)國家政權(quán)的組織制度和運(yùn)行機(jī)制。狹義上是指一個(gè)國家的政治制度的基本框架，即政黨、議會(huì)、政府、法院、中央和地方政府的組織形式和相互關(guān)系。我國的基本政治制度，就國體而言，是工人階級(jí)(經(jīng)過共產(chǎn)黨)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的，以工農(nóng)聯(lián)盟為基礎(chǔ)的人民民主專政：就政體而言，是民主集中制的人民代表大會(huì)制度；就政黨制度而言，是共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度；就國家結(jié)構(gòu)形式而言，是民族區(qū)域自治制及“一國兩制”。政治體制是與基本政治制度相適應(yīng)的具體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)制度、組織制度和工作制度，包括國家政權(quán)的組織形式以及權(quán)限劃分，中央機(jī)關(guān)與地方機(jī)關(guān)的相互關(guān)系的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，組織協(xié)調(diào)各種機(jī)構(gòu)的管理原則和方法等。政治體制改革，顧名思義，是要改革具體的政治體制，而決不是改變基本政治制度。我國的基本政治制度，是歷史形成的，是廣大人民在長期的政治實(shí)踐中進(jìn)行選擇的結(jié)果。它適合中國的國情，符合廣大人民的根本利益，與舊政治制度比較，它有著無比的優(yōu)越性，我們必須堅(jiān)持這種基本制度。但在相當(dāng)長的時(shí)間內(nèi)，我國的政治體制存在著事實(shí)上的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)終身制、黨政不分、權(quán)力過分集中于個(gè)人，以及官僚主義問題，這些弊端破壞了黨的民主集中制和國家政治生活的民主化，與新時(shí)期經(jīng)濟(jì)文化的發(fā)展的要求很不適應(yīng)。因此，黨的十五大再次重申，我國經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的深入和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化跨越世紀(jì)的發(fā)展，要求我們?cè)趫?jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則的前提下，繼續(xù)推進(jìn)政治體制改革。政治體制改革在當(dāng)前不僅必要而且相當(dāng)緊迫。具體來講，有以下幾點(diǎn)理由：第一，政治體制改革是經(jīng)濟(jì)體制：改革深入發(fā)展的客觀要求，是實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化的需要。鄧小平同志曾指出：“經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革每前進(jìn)一步，都深深感到政治體制改革的必要性?！薄罢误w制改革同經(jīng)濟(jì)體制應(yīng)該相互依賴，相互配合，只搞經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革，不搞政治體制改革，經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革也搞不通，因?yàn)槭紫扔龅饺说恼系K?！薄安桓母镎误w制，就不能保障經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的成果，不能使經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革繼續(xù)前進(jìn)，就會(huì)阻礙生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，阻礙四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的實(shí)現(xiàn)”?？梢?，通過政治體制改革，可以消除政治體制中的弊端，為經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的深入發(fā)展掃清道路，并對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的成果加以確認(rèn)，我們所有的改革最后能不能成功，決定于政治體制的改革。第二，政治體制改革是推動(dòng)社會(huì)主義民主政治建設(shè)的客觀要求，也是社會(huì)主義民主政治建設(shè)自身發(fā)展的需要。我國原有體制的弊端集中表現(xiàn)為權(quán)力過分集中、官僚主義嚴(yán)重、家長制作風(fēng)、形式主義等等。這些弊端嚴(yán)重阻礙了社會(huì)主義民主政治建設(shè)的發(fā)展。社會(huì)主義民主政治制度的本質(zhì)和核心是人民當(dāng)家作主。政治體制則是保障人民當(dāng)家作主和享有各種民主權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn)形式。如果不切實(shí)有效地進(jìn)行政治體制改革，不認(rèn)真解決政治體制存在的弊端，基本政治制度就會(huì)發(fā)生扭曲，人民當(dāng)家作主就可能成為一句空話，當(dāng)然就更談不上國家和社會(huì)政治生活的民主化。因此，社會(huì)主義民主政治建設(shè)的發(fā)展必然要求改革原有的政治體制，逐步健全人民群眾參加管理的形式和制度，以調(diào)動(dòng)各方面的積極性，加強(qiáng)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)。第三，政治體制改革也是保證國家長治久安和穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的需要。我國原有的政治體制的弊端影響了黨和國家政治生活的正常進(jìn)行，曾導(dǎo)致了“文化大革命”這樣的**。需要通過政治體制改革，使社會(huì)主義民主制度化、法律化，以保證國家的長治久安。第四，政治體制改革還是建設(shè)有中國特色社會(huì)主義文化的客觀要求。政治上層建筑是在一定的思想觀點(diǎn)和意識(shí)形態(tài)的指導(dǎo)下建設(shè)起來的，而一定的思想觀點(diǎn)和意識(shí)形態(tài)，只有憑借一定的政治設(shè)施和制度才能得到貫徹和傳播。通過政治體制改革，可以為社會(huì)主義文化建設(shè)創(chuàng)造一個(gè)寬松良好的政治環(huán)境。

與經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革、建立和健全社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的要求相適應(yīng)，我國的政治體制改革一直在積極穩(wěn)妥地不斷向前推進(jìn)。主要進(jìn)展包括以下各方面內(nèi)容：

這就是：針對(duì)我國原有經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治體制的缺陷，并進(jìn)而針對(duì)改革開放和發(fā)展市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下出現(xiàn)的新情況、新矛盾、新問題，包括市場(chǎng)機(jī)制自發(fā)作用固有弊端的負(fù)面影響，我們?cè)趫?jiān)持和完善人民代表大會(huì)制度，堅(jiān)持和完善共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度，堅(jiān)持和完善民族區(qū)域自治制度，改革和完善黨和國家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)制度，改革和完善黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式和執(zhí)政方式，改革和完善決策機(jī)制，推進(jìn)干部人事制度改革，推進(jìn)行政體制改革，推進(jìn)司法體制改革，發(fā)展城鄉(xiāng)基層民主，擴(kuò)大公民有序的政治參與，保證人民依法實(shí)行民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督，尊重和保障人權(quán)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)權(quán)力的制約監(jiān)督和反腐敗斗爭(zhēng)等各個(gè)方面，都出臺(tái)了一系列新的法律和政策規(guī)定，推出并實(shí)施了一系列加強(qiáng)制度化、規(guī)范化、程序化建設(shè)、推進(jìn)體制創(chuàng)新的重大舉措。其中，有些已經(jīng)取得了令黨和人民滿意的成效，有些還在繼續(xù)探索、經(jīng)受實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn)。

深化政治體制改革，必須堅(jiān)持正確政治方向，以保證人民當(dāng)家作主為根本，以增強(qiáng)黨和國家活力、調(diào)動(dòng)人民積極性為目標(biāo)，擴(kuò)大社會(huì)主義民主，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義法治國家，發(fā)展社會(huì)主義政治文明。要堅(jiān)持黨總攬全局、協(xié)調(diào)各方的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心作用，提高黨科學(xué)執(zhí)政、民主執(zhí)政、依法執(zhí)政水平，保證黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民有效治理國家；堅(jiān)持國家一切權(quán)力屬于人民，從各個(gè)層次、各個(gè)領(lǐng)域擴(kuò)大公民有序政治參與，最廣泛地動(dòng)員和組織人民依法管理國家事務(wù)和社會(huì)事務(wù)、管理經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化事業(yè)；堅(jiān)持依法治國基本方略，樹立社會(huì)主義法治理念，實(shí)現(xiàn)國家各項(xiàng)工作法治化，保障公民合法權(quán)益；堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義政治制度的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)，推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義民主政治制度化、規(guī)范化、程序化，為黨和國家長治久安提供政治和法律制度保障。

必須肯定的是中國的政治體制是適合現(xiàn)階段社會(huì)發(fā)展要求和人民的需要的。對(duì)這個(gè)制度不是拋棄，而是要堅(jiān)持、完善和發(fā)展。這是一個(gè)非常重要的前提，永遠(yuǎn)不能動(dòng)搖這個(gè)信念。中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、社會(huì)發(fā)展、文化的歷史性進(jìn)步是有目共睹的。盡管可能每個(gè)人的感受不同，但千年以來的歷史中曾經(jīng)有過這樣的大好局面嗎?這一切發(fā)展都是在我們現(xiàn)有的政治體制下發(fā)生的，難道這種政治體制要不得嗎?!難道制造了那么多危機(jī)的西方體制是好的嗎?!他們都要改變了，我們還要搬過來么?!難道這是對(duì)人民負(fù)責(zé)?!難道這樣才算是社會(huì)的“良心”?!

什么是中國政治體制改革的正確方向? 正確的方向就是堅(jiān)持“三統(tǒng)一”。黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民群眾當(dāng)家作主、依法治國的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一。簡(jiǎn)單地說，就是在強(qiáng)調(diào)民主、發(fā)展、自由等的同時(shí)，不能離開中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。在今天的世界上，沒有統(tǒng)一的意志就沒有中國人民的一切。而共產(chǎn)黨的宗旨是為人民服務(wù)，是為了推進(jìn)人民的事業(yè)的，是為保障并不斷擴(kuò)大人民權(quán)益的。在這之外，就是依法治國。黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民當(dāng)家作主，都要依法而行?！叭y(tǒng)一”就是我們政治體制改革的底線和舞臺(tái)，在這個(gè)舞臺(tái)上，我們正在上演一場(chǎng)偉大的民族復(fù)興的歷史劇。離開了這當(dāng)中任何一條，我們都會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤，人民都會(huì)遭殃。

中國政治體制改革的道路還要繼續(xù)走下去，在今后的改革之路上要從以下幾點(diǎn)入手： 首先是政權(quán)建設(shè)，這其中的核心是改革干部人事制度。要有更好的干部選拔任用機(jī)制、更好的考核和評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)制、更好的激勵(lì)和保障機(jī)制，還要有更好的任期和退出機(jī)制。

其次是改革完善行政體制，使之更加有效，更好地為人民群眾服務(wù)。一方面是提高行政的效率，主要是政府部門的配置，具體來說是大部制。不光是中央政府，地方政府也做了很多嘗試。另一方面則是轉(zhuǎn)變政府工作作風(fēng)，調(diào)整政府工作的方式，推進(jìn)服務(wù)型政府的建設(shè)。

再次是推進(jìn)基層和地方的民主政治建設(shè)。這主要是指村、鄉(xiāng)一級(jí)的基層群眾自治制度，比如：在我們國家很多地區(qū)出現(xiàn)的基層公共事務(wù)的人民會(huì)商制度，這個(gè)制度創(chuàng)新開始于浙江臺(tái)州溫嶺的“民主懇談”，這是現(xiàn)階段化解人民內(nèi)部矛盾的有效方式。此外，很多地方人大在吸收人民群眾的參與，廣泛進(jìn)行政治協(xié)商和民主監(jiān)督方面創(chuàng)造了許多好的做法。比如：浙江溫州樂清人大的人民聽證制度等。這些都是中國的政治創(chuàng)造，是中國民主政治發(fā)展的成果，今后還要繼續(xù)推廣、繼續(xù)探索。

現(xiàn)在我們國家發(fā)展的勢(shì)頭很好，中國已經(jīng)確實(shí)進(jìn)入了復(fù)興模式，堅(jiān)持我們經(jīng)過長期探索、反復(fù)實(shí)踐建立起來的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制、政治體制，并隨著實(shí)踐的發(fā)展繼續(xù)探索完善，就一定能夠在不遠(yuǎn)的將來實(shí)行中華民族的偉大復(fù)興，對(duì)人類做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。

為什么說矛盾是事物發(fā)展的動(dòng)力

矛盾在事物發(fā)展過程中的作用即指矛盾的同一性和斗爭(zhēng)性各自在事物發(fā)展中的作用。矛盾的同一性使矛盾雙方在一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體相互依存，相互吸取有利于自身的因素，并規(guī)定事物向自己對(duì)立面轉(zhuǎn)化的發(fā)展方向；矛盾的斗爭(zhēng)性則推動(dòng)矛盾雙方力量的變化，造成雙方力量的不平衡，并最終使矛盾雙方突破原有的限度，舊的矛盾統(tǒng)一體解體，新事物誕生。

比如國家之間的關(guān)系。世界上有諸多國家共同生存于同一個(gè)地球上，共同擁有著地球上的資源。在現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)高度發(fā)達(dá)的今天，國家之間的聯(lián)系更為緊密。它們進(jìn)行貿(mào)易往來，共同促進(jìn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮發(fā)展；它們也相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，力圖在各個(gè)方面獲得相對(duì)多的利益。人類就是在這樣一種相互合作和斗爭(zhēng)中走到了今天的。首先，伴隨國際分工，世界市場(chǎng)形成，各國之間出現(xiàn)了貿(mào)易往來，各國開始了交往，使得地球上的資源得到更充分的利用，各國之間的相互依賴性比以往更大。其次，隨著各國，尤其是大國對(duì)現(xiàn)狀的不滿，相互之間又存在著對(duì)立、斗爭(zhēng)。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以及許多局部性的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)都是這種斗爭(zhēng)激化的結(jié)果。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)有極大的破壞作用，不過也推動(dòng)了科技的發(fā)展，原子彈、氫彈都是在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)背景下誕生的。今天，國際間的相互合作和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)同樣共同推動(dòng)著世界的經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治形勢(shì)的發(fā)展。由此可見，矛盾的同一性和斗爭(zhēng)性共同推動(dòng)著事物的發(fā)展，矛盾是事物發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。

(1)事物發(fā)展的動(dòng)力是事物的內(nèi)部矛盾，矛盾的同一性與斗爭(zhēng)性在事物發(fā)展中都起著重要作用。

(2)矛盾的同一性在事物發(fā)展中的作用主要表現(xiàn)在:a.矛盾雙方相互依存,使事物保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性,為事物的存在和發(fā)展提供必要的前提。b.矛盾雙方互相吸取有利于自身的因素而得到發(fā)展。c.矛盾的同一性規(guī)定了事物向著對(duì)立面轉(zhuǎn)化的基本趨勢(shì)。

(3)矛盾的斗爭(zhēng)性在事物發(fā)展中的作用主要表現(xiàn)在:a.在事物量變過程中,斗爭(zhēng)推動(dòng)矛盾雙方的力量對(duì)比和相互關(guān)系發(fā)生變化,為質(zhì)變做準(zhǔn)備。b.在事物質(zhì)變過程中，斗爭(zhēng)突破事物存在的限度，促成矛盾的轉(zhuǎn)化，實(shí)現(xiàn)事物的質(zhì)變。

(4)矛盾的同一性與斗爭(zhēng)性在事物發(fā)展中都不能孤立地起作用，只有二者結(jié)合在一起才能成為事物發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。有條件的、相對(duì)的同一性和無條件的、絕對(duì)的斗爭(zhēng)性相結(jié)合，構(gòu)成一切事物的矛盾運(yùn)動(dòng)。

所以說矛盾是事物發(fā)展的根本動(dòng)力。

如何理解商品二因素與勞動(dòng)二重性的關(guān)系？

勞動(dòng)二重性矛盾決定商品二因素矛盾

舉例說明：在商品生產(chǎn)中，人們?yōu)榱松a(chǎn)具有一定使用價(jià)值的商品，就要進(jìn)行一定形式的勞動(dòng)。使用價(jià)值的不同屬性，決定了勞動(dòng)的特殊形式。如生產(chǎn)上衣需要裁縫的勞動(dòng)，裁縫利用尺子、剪刀等縫紉工具，對(duì)布料進(jìn)行加工生產(chǎn)出上衣。這種勞動(dòng)是根據(jù)勞動(dòng)的目的、加工對(duì)象、生產(chǎn)手段、操作方式、生產(chǎn)結(jié)果等來區(qū)分的。這種具有不同性質(zhì)和不同具體形式的勞動(dòng)就是具體勞動(dòng)。具體勞動(dòng)是創(chuàng)造商品使用價(jià)值的勞動(dòng)，它體現(xiàn)著人和自然的關(guān)系，是人類生存和社會(huì)發(fā)展的永久條件，是不以社會(huì)形態(tài)的變化為轉(zhuǎn)移的。但是，具體勞動(dòng)的種類和操作方式，都隨著生產(chǎn)力和生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化、社會(huì)分工的發(fā)展而不斷擴(kuò)展和變化。生產(chǎn)商品的勞動(dòng)，不管其具體形式如何千差萬別，都是人的腦、肌肉、神經(jīng)、手等等的生產(chǎn)耗費(fèi)。這種撇開了具體勞動(dòng)特殊性質(zhì)的一般人類勞動(dòng)就是抽象勞動(dòng)。抽象勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造商品價(jià)值的勞動(dòng)，它體

現(xiàn)著人和社會(huì)的關(guān)系。

答：（1）商品的二因素的內(nèi)涵：

使用價(jià)值：商品能夠滿足人們某種需要的自然屬性，是指商品的使用價(jià)值；

價(jià)值：商品中凝結(jié)或物化了的一般人類勞動(dòng)就是商品的價(jià)值。

商品是使用價(jià)值和價(jià)值的對(duì)立統(tǒng)一體：價(jià)值不能獨(dú)立存在，使用價(jià)值是價(jià)值的物質(zhì)承擔(dān)者；離開了價(jià)值的使用價(jià)值就不是商品的使用價(jià)值。

（2）勞動(dòng)二重性的內(nèi)涵

具體勞動(dòng)：是指具有特定的具體形式的勞動(dòng)，它所體現(xiàn)的是人與自然界的關(guān)系；

抽象勞動(dòng)：是指撇開了各種具體形式的、一般的或者無差別的人類勞動(dòng)；

具體勞動(dòng)和抽象勞動(dòng)也是對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的。具體勞動(dòng)和抽象勞動(dòng)是同一勞動(dòng)勞動(dòng)過程的兩個(gè)不同的方面，統(tǒng)一于同一勞動(dòng)過程之中；具體勞動(dòng)規(guī)定什么勞動(dòng)、怎樣勞動(dòng)的問題，抽象勞動(dòng)則講的是勞動(dòng)多少、勞動(dòng)時(shí)間長短的問題，因而二者是相互排斥的。

（3）無論是商品的使用價(jià)值還是價(jià)值，都是勞動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物，并且生產(chǎn)使用價(jià)值和價(jià)值的勞動(dòng)是不一樣的，即具體勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造了商品的使用價(jià)值，抽象勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造了商品的價(jià)值。商品之所以具有二因素，其原因在于生產(chǎn)商品的勞動(dòng)具有二重性，它們之間是結(jié)果和原因之間的關(guān)系，勞動(dòng)二重性為因，商品二因素為果。

使用價(jià)值和具體勞動(dòng)：每一種具體勞動(dòng)，都能夠生產(chǎn)出一種特殊的產(chǎn)品，而每種特殊的產(chǎn)品又都能滿足人們一定的、特殊的需要，即具有特殊的使用價(jià)值，因此，具體勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)商品的使用價(jià)值，但不能形成商品的價(jià)值；

價(jià)值和抽象勞動(dòng)：商品的價(jià)值是由一般的或者無差別的人類勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造的，而一般的或者無差別的人類勞動(dòng)正是抽象勞動(dòng)，即抽象勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造商品價(jià)值。

簡(jiǎn)述價(jià)值量的決定

勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率提高了，同一社會(huì)必要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)時(shí)間里創(chuàng)造出來的商品的價(jià)值量：

a．增加 b．減少 c．不變 d．增減不定

價(jià)值是凝結(jié)在商品中的無差別人類勞動(dòng)，是兩種使用價(jià)值相互交換的基礎(chǔ)，商品的價(jià)值量不是由個(gè)別勞動(dòng)時(shí)間決定的，而是由凝結(jié)在商品中的社會(huì)必要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)時(shí)間決定。勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率與商品價(jià)值量之間有著密切的關(guān)系，商品價(jià)值量取決于社會(huì)必要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)時(shí)間，同一社會(huì)必要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)時(shí)間在相同時(shí)間內(nèi)創(chuàng)造的商品的價(jià)值總量相等。勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率提高可以增加單位時(shí)間內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的商品數(shù)量，但不能增加單位時(shí)間內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的價(jià)值量。因此，本題的正確答案是c選項(xiàng)。

不管社會(huì)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率如何變化，一定時(shí)間所創(chuàng)造的價(jià)值總量是不變的。這是因?yàn)?，社?huì)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的提高雖表明一定時(shí)間內(nèi)生產(chǎn)出來的商品數(shù)量增多，但單位商品的價(jià)值量卻減少(商品的價(jià)值量與社會(huì)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率成反比)。所以把增多了的商品所含的相應(yīng)減少的單位商品價(jià)值量加在一起，其總量與原先的總量一樣。反之亦然。